Cody, C. W., Prasher, D. C., Westler, W. M., Prendergast, F. G., and Ward, W. W. (1993) Cheimcal structure of the hexapeptide chromophore of the Aequorea green fluorescent protein. Biochemistry 32 , 1212-1218. Description of the full peptide linkage of the chromophoric group first separated by Shimomura in 1979 .
Cormier, M. J. (1981) Renilla and Aequorea Bioluminescence . IN: Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence (M. A. DeLuca and W. E. McElroy, eds) Academic Press, New York, pp. 225-233. Review of the literature on Renilla and Aequorea bioluminescence circa 1980 .
Cormier, M. J., and Eckroade, C. B. (1962) Studies on the bioluminescence of Renilla reniformis. III. Some biochemical comparisons to other Renilla species and determinations of the spectral energy distributions . Biochim. Biophys. Acta 64 , 340-344. Early studies of bioluminescence spectra of Renilla.
Cormier, M. J., Hori, K., Karkhanis, Y. D., Anderson, J. M., Wampler, J. E., Morin, J. G., and Hastings, J. W. (1973) Evidence for similar biochemical requirements for bioluminescence amoung the Coelenterates . J. Cell. Physiol. 81 , 291-298. Cross reaction studies and spectral data supporting the thesis that the components of the bioluminescence systems of a wide variety of Coelenterates (Aequorea, Obelia, Cavernularia, Ptilosarcus, Stylatula, Acanthopltilum, Parazoanthus and Mnemiopsis) are similar.
Hastings, J. W., and Morin, J. G. (1969) Comparative biochemistry of calcium- activated photoproteins from the Ctenophore, Mnemiopsis and the coelenterates Aequorea, Obelia, Pelagia and Renilla . Biol. Bull. 137 , 402. Note on coelenterate photoproteins including calcium activation of Renilla material and suggestion of energy transfer to green fluorescent protein. NOTE: calcium stimulated activity later turned out to be release of luciferin from a luciferin binding protein.
Hart, R. C., Matthews, J. C., Hori, K., and Cormier, M. J. (1979) Renilla reniformis bioluminescence: Luciferase catalyzed production of non-radiating excited states from luciferin analogues and elucidation of the excited state species involved in energy transfer to Renilla green fluorescent protein . Biochemistry 18 , 2204-2210. Demonstration of upto 200 fold quantum yield increases with "dark" luciferin analogs and the in vitro Renilla bioluminescence system.
Johnson, F. H., Shimomura, O., Saiga, Y., Gershman, L. C., Reynolds, G., and Waters, J. R. (1962) Quantum efficiency of Cybridina luminescences, with a note on that of Aequorea . J. Cell. and Comp. Physiol. 60 , 85-103. Report on separation of a green fluorescent protein from Aequorea.
Johnson, F. H. (1967) Bioluminescence , IN: Comprehensive Biochemistry vol. 27 (M. Florkin and E. H. Stotz, eds.) Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, pp. 79-136. First suggestion of energy transfer to green fluorescent protein in the jellyfish bioluminescence system.
Matthews, J. C., Hori, K., & Cormier, M. J. (1977) Purification and Properties of Renilla reniformis Luciferase . Biochem. 16 , 85-91. Describes the steps used for obtaining high yields of both luciferase and GFP from whole, frozen Renilla.
Morin, J. G. (1974) Coelenterate bioluminescence . IN: Coelenterate Biology: Reviews and New Perspectives , Academic Press, New York, pp. 397-438. A review of the state of the studies of Coelenterate bioluminescence circa 1973.
Morin, J. G., and Hastings, J. W. (1971a) Biochemistry of the bioluminescence of colonial hydroids and other coelenterates . J. Cell. Physiol. 77 , 305-311. Purification, properties and spectra of some coelenterate photoproteins .
Morin, J. G., and Hastings, J. W. (1971b) Energy transfer in a bioluminescent system . J. Cell. Physiol. 77 , 313-318. Spectra of Obelia, Renilla and Aequorea in vivo and in vitro bioluminescence as well as green fluorescence. Demonstration of change in emission color with delay between lysis of Obelia subcellular granules or particles and calcium triggering. This suggested energy transfer between closely associated photoprotein and green fluorescent protein in the granules .
Morin, J. G., and Reynolds, G. T. (1969) Fluorescence and time distribution of photon emission of bioluminescenct photocytes in Obelia geniculata . Biol. Bull. 137 , 410. Note on observations of co-localization of Obelia green fluorescence and bioluminescence. Suggestion of an energy transfer mechanism.
Morin, J. G., and Reynolds, G. T. (1970) Luminescence and related fluorescence in celenterates . Biol. Bull. 139 , 430-431. Further studies of localization of fluorescence and bioluminescence in coelenterates using image intensified microscopy.
Reynolds, G. T., & Gruner, S. I. (1975) A high gain image intensifier spectroscope system for in vivo spectral studies of bioluminescence . IEEE Trans. on Nucl. Sci. NS-22 , 404-411. Describes the first quantum sensitive image intensifier system for bioluminescence studies.
Reynolds, G. T. (1978) Appliation of photosensitive devices to bioluminescence studies . Photochem. Photobiol. 27 , 405-521. A review of the basic measurement approaches and high gain luminescence measurements.
Rich, E. S. Jr., & Wampler, J. E. (1981) A flexible, computer-controlled video microscope capable of quantitative spatial, temporal and spectral measurements . Clin. Chem. 27 , 1558-1568. Description of the quantum limited imaging system used for bioluminescence studies at the University of Georgia.
Seliger, H. H., & McElroy, W. D. (1965). Light: Physical and Biological Action . Academic Press, New York. This book lays down the foundation of the measurement technology developed for bioluminescence studies.
Seliger, H. H. (1960) A photoelectric method for the measurement of spectra of light source of rapidly varying intensities . Anal. Biochem. 1 , 60-65. Describes the ratio method of correcting for light source fluctuations during spectral data acquisition.
Shimomura, O. (1979) Structure of the chromophore of Aequorea green fluorescent protein. FEBS Letters 104 , 220-222. Separation and identification of the chromophoric group from Aequorea GFP .
Wampler, J. E., Hori, K., Lee, J. W., and Cormier, M. J. (1971) Structured bioluminescence: two emitters during both the in vitro and the in vivo bioluminescence of the Sea Pansy, Renilla . Biochem. 10 , 2903-2909. First demonstration of spectral change and quantum yield increase with concentration of green fluorescent chromophore. Spectral analysis predicting extremely high extinction coefficient at 500 nm of at least 30,000 to 50,000 l/mole-cm. NOTE: at this time, the green fluorescent protein had not been separated from luciferase.
Wampler, J. E., Karkhanis, Y. D., Hori, K., and Cormier, M. J. (1972) Protein-protein interaction between Renilla luciferase and a green fluorescent protein, the energy transfer acceptor during Renilla bioluminescence . Fed. Proc. 31 , 419 (or 1133). Meeting abstract of first report on separation of Renilla GFP and homogeneous in vitro green emission system.
Wampler, J. E., Karkhanis, Y. D., Morin, J. G., and Cormier, M. J. (1973) Similarities in the bioluminescence from the Pennatulacea . Biochim. Biophys. Acta 314 , 104-109. Spectral study showing the structured green emission from a variety of Pennatulacea (sea pens, sea feather, sea pansies). Demonstration of in vivo variations in spectra suggesting varying contributions of two emitters.
Wampler, J. E. (1978) Measurements and physical characteristics of luminescence . IN: Bioluminescence in Action (P. J. Herring, ed.) Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-48. Review of the issues and problems in measuring bioluminescence .
Ward, W. W., and Cormier, M. J. (1976) In vitro energy transfer in Renilla bioluminescence . J. Phys. Chem. 80 , 2289-2291. Demonstration of 100% energy transfer efficiency (assuming fluorescent quantum yield of GFP of 0.3) in the reconstituted homogeneous Renilla in vitro reaction. NOTE: a higher GFP quantum yield reduces the calculated efficiency.
Ward, W. W., and Cormier, M. J. (1979) An energy transfer protein in Coelenterate bioluminescence: characterization of the Renilla green- fluorescent protein . J. Biol. Chem. 254 , 781-788. Molecular characterization of the Renilla green fluorescent protein (GFP) and data supporting formation of a luciferase-GFP complex that facilitate Forster radiationless energy transfer.